(+/-)-Verapamil hydrochloride

Description	in vitro: In the K562/ADR cellline, addition of verapamil to the culture medium (15 microM concentration) resulted in a 3-fold decrease in Pgp expression after 72 hr exposure. The combination of bortezomib and verapamil synergistically decreased the viability of myeloma cells by inducing cell death. Importantly, bortezomib-mediated activation of major UPR components was enhanced by verapamil. The combination of bortezomib and verapamilresulted in caspase activation followed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, whereas nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activity declined in myeloma cells . in vivo: Pretreatment with cadmium plusverapamil produced significant additive effects on ketamine-induced anesthesia (40.88 +/- 2.98 vs 70.32 +/- 4.64 min). In the acute stage (17 days after infection with maximal parasitemia), verapamil treatment not only decreased the incidence of myocardial disease (fibrosis and inflammation), but also protected myocardial beta-adrenergic adenylate cyclase acti
Pathways	Ion Channel/Membrane Transporter
Targets	Calcium Channel

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